Even without the Big Bang theory...
E ven without the Big Bang theory, evidence from parallax views and Cepheid stars still points towards a universe that is billions of years old. These observations provide independent lines of evidence that support the idea of an old and evolving universe. Here's how: Parallax views: By observing how nearby stars appear to shift their position against the background of more distant stars as Earth orbits the Sun (parallax effect), astronomers can measure their distance. Analyzing the distribution of stellar distances within our galaxy and neighboring galaxies reveals populations of stars with different ages, suggesting a long history of star formation and evolution. Cepheid stars: These pulsating stars have a well-defined relationship between their pulsation period and their luminosity. By measuring the pulsation period of a Cepheid star, astronomers can estimate its brightness. Comparing this estimated brightness to the star's observed brightness revea